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週日的【舟動多益閱讀:技術訓練讀書會】提及使用完成式的一些基本的重要觀念,事實上仍有兩點並未深入探討,在此大致說明一下。

 

(一)現完與過簡的使用

 

1.) I've always known he was a tough guy. [現完]

2.) I always knew he was a tough guy. [過簡]

 

非正式的文體中,特別是加入 always, ever, never 之類的副詞一起表達時,第 2. 句時態也可以使用,類似的用法像 Have you ever seen anything like that? 在非正式的文體中也可以用 Did you ever seen anything like that? 表達。

 

此外,現完表達「結果」用法時,在美式較隨意的口語中也可用過簡表達,英式則偏用現完,例如:

 

David just called. (或 David has just called.

Did you hear what I just said? (或 Have you heard what I just said?

 

目前 AmE 在全球的影響力較強,BrE 在這方面似乎有逐漸傾向美式用法的趨勢。我個人在表達上是比較重視「語意邏輯」上的差異,例如 Has Bill called today? 強調「到現在打來了沒?」,而 Did Bill call today? 側重在「早先的某段時間」。但,有時候迫於時間壓力、或為了符合文字排版的限制,老外偶爾仍會無意中說出或寫出一些邏輯不通的句子,諸如 PEU 自實際語料中所蒐集的:

 

A 24-year-old soldier has been killed in a road accident last night.

I have stocked the informary cupboard only yesterday.

... indicating that the geological activity has taken place a very long time ago.

 

我想,此時只能用包容的態度去看待了。

 

(二)少數以 be have/has/had 的痕跡

 

兩、三百年前的英文,完成式有時不使用 have/has/had + p.p.,而是寫成 beV + p.p.(沒錯,是完成,而非被動),存留下來的兩個常見例子就是 finish come

 

例如美國印第安人拉科塔族胡克帕哈部落領袖 Sitting Bull 18311890)即在征戰之前說過:Behold, my friends, the spring is come; the earth has gladly received the embraces of the sun, and we shall soon see the results of their love! 其中 the spring is come 其實是the spring has come 的意思,而不是被動。

 

表達「你多快能夠做完?」可以用 How soon will you be/have finished? 兩種意義相同,be finished have finished 的舊時痕跡。

 

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